• 概述
  • Radix Tree数据结构
    • 定义
    • insertChild
    • addRoute
    • getValue

概述

HTTP router的核心数据结构之一就是Radix Tree了,也就是压缩Trie(字典树),比Trie更加节省空间。通过把单子节点和父节点合并,以此减少了树的节点数,也缩短了树的深度。HTTP router的Rarix Tree和普通的Radix Tree不同点就是需要支持通配符*和:并且支持不区分大小写查询

定义

Radix Tree的定义如下:

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type methodTree struct {
	method string	//http请求方法
	root   *node
}

树节点的定义如下:

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type node struct {
	path      string	//当前节点路径
	indices   string	//各子节点路径首字母
	children  []*node	//子节点列表
	handlers  HandlersChain  //当前节点的handler集合
	priority  uint32	//节点的优先级,优先级高的在父节点children数组位置会更靠前
	nType     nodeType	//节点的类型
	maxParams uint8		//经过此节点的后续路径的最大参数数量
	wildChild bool		//儿子节点是否通配符类型
    fullPath  string	//完整路径
}

insertChild

这个函数的功能是设置好节点的path以及handers,但是path可能有带有通配符,需要对通配符进行相应的处理。在path中找到*或者:位置时,需要处理以下情形:

  1. 遇到/之前都不允许再出现通配符
  2. 当前节点在此之前不允许有child
  3. 通配符之后的参数长度大于1
  4. 如果通配符是*,那么*之后是不允许再出现/,也就是说numParams必须等于1,并且当前节点的path值最后一个字符不能为/,*前面一个字符必须为/
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func (n *node) insertChild(numParams uint8, path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
	for numParams > 0 {
		// 找到通配符为起始点的前缀字符串
		wildcard, i, valid := findWildcard(path)
		if i < 0 { // 没有查找到通配符
			break
		}

		// 通配符字符串必须包含通配符:或者*
		if !valid {
			panic("only one wildcard per path segment is allowed, has: '" +
				wildcard + "' in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}

		// 通配符字符串必须有名字,所以只有单个通配字符是不正确的格式
		if len(wildcard) < 2 {
			panic("wildcards must be named with a non-empty name in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}

		// 如果当前节点已经存在儿子节点,那么插入通配字符串会和已存在的儿子节点冲突
		// 导致之前的儿子节点无法查询到
		if len(n.children) > 0 {
			panic("wildcard segment '" + wildcard +
				"' conflicts with existing children in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}
      
		if wildcard[0] == ':' { // param
			if i > 0 {
				// Insert prefix before the current wildcard
				n.path = path[:i]
				path = path[i:]
			}
        
			n.wildChild = true
			child := &node{
				nType:     param,
				path:      wildcard,
				maxParams: numParams,
				fullPath:  fullPath,
			}
			n.children = []*node{child}
			n = child
			n.priority++
			numParams--

			// 如果没有以通配字符串结束,那么会有以/字符为起点的其他非通配符子串,继续递归进行处理
			if len(wildcard) < len(path) {
				path = path[len(wildcard):]

				child := &node{
					maxParams: numParams,
					priority:  1,
					fullPath:  fullPath,
				}
				n.children = []*node{child}
				n = child
				continue
			}

			// 在新的叶子节点插入handle,结束处理
			n.handlers = handlers
			return
		}

		// catchAll
		if i+len(wildcard) != len(path) || numParams > 1 {
			panic("catch-all routes are only allowed at the end of the path in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}

		if len(n.path) > 0 && n.path[len(n.path)-1] == '/' {
			panic("catch-all conflicts with existing handle for the path segment root in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}

		// currently fixed width 1 for '/'
		i--
		if path[i] != '/' {
			panic("no / before catch-all in path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}

		n.path = path[:i]

		// First node: catchAll node with empty path
		child := &node{
			wildChild: true,
			nType:     catchAll,
			maxParams: 1,
			fullPath:  fullPath,
		}
		// update maxParams of the parent node
		if n.maxParams < 1 {
			n.maxParams = 1
		}
		n.children = []*node{child}
		n.indices = string('/')
		n = child
		n.priority++

		// second node: node holding the variable
		child = &node{
			path:      path[i:],
			nType:     catchAll,
			maxParams: 1,
			handlers:  handlers,
			priority:  1,
			fullPath:  fullPath,
		}
		n.children = []*node{child}

		return
	}

	// 插入剩余的path部分和handlers到叶子节点
	n.path = path
	n.handlers = handlers
	n.fullPath = fullPath
}

addRoute

此函数的的功能是添加路由,也就是把给定的URL路径插入到字典树中,并在叶子节点设置好handlers。 1.如果是空树,那么直接执行insertChild即可 2.如果是非空树,则需要在树中查找到适合位置进行插入。首先查找当前节点的path值和URL值的最长公共前缀,如果公共前缀长度小于URL的长度,那么需要对当前节点的进行分裂,并创建新的子节点。把当前节点的path值更新为最长公共前缀,并更新当前节点和新子节点的相关数据。如果公共前缀长度小于URL长度,并且查找不到匹配的子节点,那么需要为当前节点创建一个新的子节点,并对子节点执行insertChild,否则进入匹配的子节点,重复执行步骤2。

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// addRoute adds a node with the given handle to the path.
// 非并发安全
func (n *node) addRoute(path string, handlers HandlersChain) {
	fullPath := path
	n.priority++
	numParams := countParams(path)

	// Empty tree
	if len(n.path) == 0 && len(n.children) == 0 {
		n.insertChild(numParams, path, fullPath, handlers)
		n.nType = root
		return
	}

	parentFullPathIndex := 0

walk:
	for {
		// Update maxParams of the current node
		if numParams > n.maxParams {
			n.maxParams = numParams
		}

		// 查找最长公共前缀
		// This also implies that the common prefix contains no ':' or '*'
		// since the existing key can't contain those chars.
		i := longestCommonPrefix(path, n.path)

		// 分裂节点
		if i < len(n.path) {
			child := node{
				path:      n.path[i:],
				wildChild: n.wildChild,
				indices:   n.indices,
				children:  n.children,
				handlers:  n.handlers,
				priority:  n.priority - 1,
				fullPath:  n.fullPath,
			}

			// Update maxParams (max of all children)
			for i := range child.children {
				if child.children[i].maxParams > child.maxParams {
					child.maxParams = child.children[i].maxParams
				}
			}

			n.children = []*node{&child}
			// []byte for proper unicode char conversion, see #65
			n.indices = string([]byte{n.path[i]})
			n.path = path[:i]
			n.handlers = nil
			n.wildChild = false
			n.fullPath = fullPath[:parentFullPathIndex+i]
		}

		// Make new node a child of this node
		if i < len(path) {
			path = path[i:]

			if n.wildChild {
				parentFullPathIndex += len(n.path)
				n = n.children[0]
				n.priority++

				// Update maxParams of the child node
				if numParams > n.maxParams {
					n.maxParams = numParams
				}
				numParams--

				// Check if the wildcard matches
				if len(path) >= len(n.path) && n.path == path[:len(n.path)] {
					// check for longer wildcard, e.g. :name and :names
					if len(n.path) >= len(path) || path[len(n.path)] == '/' {
						continue walk
					}
				}

				pathSeg := path
				if n.nType != catchAll {
					pathSeg = strings.SplitN(path, "/", 2)[0]
				}
				prefix := fullPath[:strings.Index(fullPath, pathSeg)] + n.path
				panic("'" + pathSeg +
					"' in new path '" + fullPath +
					"' conflicts with existing wildcard '" + n.path +
					"' in existing prefix '" + prefix +
					"'")
			}

			c := path[0]

			// slash after param
			if n.nType == param && c == '/' && len(n.children) == 1 {
				parentFullPathIndex += len(n.path)
				n = n.children[0]
				n.priority++
				continue walk
			}

			// 找到子节点path值首字符与当前URL首字母相等的子节点并进入到此子节点并从循环最开始执行
			for i, max := 0, len(n.indices); i < max; i++ {
				if c == n.indices[i] {
					parentFullPathIndex += len(n.path)
					i = n.incrementChildPrio(i)
					n = n.children[i]
					continue walk
				}
			}

			// Otherwise insert it
			if c != ':' && c != '*' {
				// []byte for proper unicode char conversion, see #65
				n.indices += string([]byte{c})
				child := &node{
					maxParams: numParams,
					fullPath:  fullPath,
				}
				n.children = append(n.children, child)
				n.incrementChildPrio(len(n.indices) - 1)
				n = child
			}
			n.insertChild(numParams, path, fullPath, handlers)
			return
		}

		// Otherwise and handle to current node
		if n.handlers != nil {
			panic("handlers are already registered for path '" + fullPath + "'")
		}
		n.handlers = handlers
		return
	}
}

getValue

此函数的功能是根据给定的URL值查找到相应的树节点,并把此节点的handlers和树路径上经过的参数键值对返回,如果没查找到相应树节点,则根据情况判断URL是否缺少/字符并返回,具体代码实现其实和addRoute类似,都是在对树进行查找,此处不再赘述。

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// getValue returns the handle registered with the given path (key). The values of
// wildcards are saved to a map.
// If no handle can be found, a TSR (trailing slash redirect) recommendation is
// made if a handle exists with an extra (without the) trailing slash for the
// given path.
func (n *node) getValue(path string, po Params, unescape bool) (value nodeValue) {
	value.params = po
walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
	for {
		prefix := n.path
		if len(path) > len(prefix) {
			if path[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
				path = path[len(prefix):]
				// If this node does not have a wildcard (param or catchAll)
				// child,  we can just look up the next child node and continue
				// to walk down the tree
				if !n.wildChild {
					c := path[0]
					indices := n.indices
					for i, max := 0, len(indices); i < max; i++ {
						if c == indices[i] {
							n = n.children[i]
							prefix = n.path
							continue walk
						}
					}

					// Nothing found.
					// We can recommend to redirect to the same URL without a
					// trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path.
					value.tsr = path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
					return
				}

				// handle wildcard child
				n = n.children[0]
				switch n.nType {
				case param:
					// find param end (either '/' or path end)
					end := 0
					for end < len(path) && path[end] != '/' {
						end++
					}

					// save param value
					if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
						value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
					}
					i := len(value.params)
					value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
					value.params[i].Key = n.path[1:]
					val := path[:end]
					if unescape {
						var err error
						if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(val); err != nil {
							value.params[i].Value = val // fallback, in case of error
						}
					} else {
						value.params[i].Value = val
					}

					// we need to go deeper!
					if end < len(path) {
						if len(n.children) > 0 {
							path = path[end:]
							n = n.children[0]
							prefix = n.path
							continue walk
						}

						// ... but we can't
						value.tsr = len(path) == end+1
						return
					}

					if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
						value.fullPath = n.fullPath
						return
					}
					if len(n.children) == 1 {
						// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
						// trailing slash exists for TSR recommendation
						n = n.children[0]
						value.tsr = n.path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
					}

					return

				case catchAll:
					// save param value
					if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
						value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
					}
					i := len(value.params)
					value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
					value.params[i].Key = n.path[2:]
					if unescape {
						var err error
						if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(path); err != nil {
							value.params[i].Value = path // fallback, in case of error
						}
					} else {
						value.params[i].Value = path
					}

					value.handlers = n.handlers
					value.fullPath = n.fullPath
					return

				default:
					panic("invalid node type")
				}
			}
		} else if path == prefix {
			// We should have reached the node containing the handle.
			// Check if this node has a handle registered.
			if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
				value.fullPath = n.fullPath
				return
			}

			if path == "/" && n.wildChild && n.nType != root {
				value.tsr = true
				return
			}

			// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
			// trailing slash exists for trailing slash recommendation
			indices := n.indices
			for i, max := 0, len(indices); i < max; i++ {
				if indices[i] == '/' {
					n = n.children[i]
					value.tsr = (len(n.path) == 1 && n.handlers != nil) ||
						(n.nType == catchAll && n.children[0].handlers != nil)
					return
				}
			}

			return
		}

		// Nothing found. We can recommend to redirect to the same URL with an
		// extra trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path
		value.tsr = (path == "/") ||
			(len(prefix) == len(path)+1 && prefix[len(path)] == '/' &&
				path == prefix[:len(prefix)-1] && n.handlers != nil)
		return
	}
}